http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1177 Wed, 15 Apr 2026 03:53:13 GMT 2026-04-15T03:53:13Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2370 MATERNAL MENTAL HEALTH AND LABOUR MARKET OUTCOMES IN IBADAN, NIGERIA ODUFUWA, OYETEJU TOLUWANI The reproductive years of women, largely coincide with their period of active engagement in the labour market, thereby affecting their Labour Market Outcomes (LMOs). Nigeria, in recent times, witnessed decline in female labour force participation from about 57% in 2011 to 44% in 2020. A major reason for the observed trend is the rise in maternal mental illness, especially during the postpartum period. Earlier studies laid emphasis on either maternal mental health or female LMOs separately without focusing on their interdependence. This study, therefore, investigated the determinants of maternal mental health and its effects on LMOs of women in Ibadan. The Neo-Classical Labour Supply Theory provided the framework. The incidence and severity of Postpartum Depression (PPD), which served as a proxy for maternal mental health, was computed using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). The EPDS ranges between a minimum value of 0 to a maximum of 30 points. Employment status, number of hours worked and earnings were the measures of LMOs. The choice of Ibadan is due to it being the capital city of Oyo State; the State with one of the highest postnatal checkup of all the states in the country. Data for the study was obtained using a three-stage sampling technique. The first stage employed stratified sampling to disaggregate the health facilities offering postnatal and immunisation services, into public and private healthcare providers. In the second stage, seven (three private and four public) healthcare facilities were purposively selected based on the extent of patronage. The third stage was a random selection of 390 out of 795 women. The poisson and ordered logistic regressions were employed to estimate the determinants of the incidence and severity of PPD models. For the LMOs, the probability of a woman being employed was estimated using probit regression technique, while the number of hours worked and earnings of women were estimated using Ordinary Least Squares. The regression estimates were validated at ≤0.05. Women who were unmarried (=0.18), unemployed ( and from polygamous homes (=0.17) were more likely to experience PPD. Also, women who experienced intimate partner violence (, did not have the desired gender of child (and those with a family mental illness history of PPD (also experienced depression in the postpartum period. The severity of PPD in mothers was significantly determined by having an unemployed spouse (=0.98) and female babies. For LMOs, severity rather than incidence of PPD reduced the probability of the woman being employed (=0.89); however, both incidence and severity had no significant effect on number of hours worked, as well as the earnings of the women. This implies that while severe mental illness inhibits employment opportunities for the women, employers placed less emphasis on their on-the-job mental health status. Severity, rather than incidence of postpartum depression, reduced the likelihood of female employability. Employers of labour, should therefore, pay more attention to the mental health status of women. Government, at all levels, should prioritise treatment of postpartum depression towards increasing the likelihood of women employment. Wed, 01 Dec 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2370 2021-12-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2321 OIL EXPORT DEPENDENCE AND EXCHANGE RATE BEHAVIOUR IN NIGERIA OLOKO, Tirimisiyu Folorunsho The behaviour of Nigeria’s currency exchange rates has been tied to the vagaries of oil export’s proceeds. Despite export diversification efforts to reduce the level of Oil Export Dependence (OED), the country’s nominal and real exchange rates remain unstable. Nigeria’s OED rose from an average of 19.13% in the 1960s to 97.35% in the 1990s, before dropping to 83.89% in 2019. The Nominal Exchange Rate (NER) depreciated from N0.71/US$ in the 1960s to N306.92/US$ in 2019, while the Real Exchange Rate (RER) of 137 basis points (bpts) in the 1960s appreciated to 97.24bpts in the 1980s, and became 134.52bpts in 2019. Extant literature investigated the effect of OED on Nigeria’s NER without considering the managed floating exchange rate (MFER) system and the varied exchange rates stabilising potential of non-oil sectors (NOS), thus overstating the effect. This study was, therefore, designed to investigate the effect of OED on the behaviour of Nigeria’s exchange rates from 1960 to 2019. The Mundell-Fleming-Dornbusch framework provided the basis. The Structural Vector Autoregressive with block exogeneity (SVARX) model was employed to capture both external (oil export) and exogenous (non-oil export) components of OED. The model produced contemporaneous, short-term(h=2), and medium-term(h=4) horizons effects of OED. The study accounted for external reserves, which moderates monetary authorities’ commitment to defend NER, thus making RER more responsive under MFER system. The exchange rates stabilising potential of NOS were examined by simulating the effect of export diversification to three main NOS (agriculture, manufacturing, and solid minerals) on OED and exchange rates. The variables included OED (oil export percentage of total merchandise export), NER (domestic price per unit of foreign currency), and RER (foreign price relative to domestic price of a common basket of goods). The data were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. All estimates were validated at α≤0.05. The OED shock had insignificant negative contemporaneous effect on NER (-0.07;α=0.61) and RER (-0.01;α=0.52). In the short to medium-term horizons, OED had insignificant effect on NER (h2=0.01;α=0.72, h4=0.03,α=0.21), but a significant negative effect on RER (h2=- 0.05;α=0.00, h4=-0.07,α=0.00). This implied that a lower OED had no immediate impact on NER and RER. However, it caused RER to depreciate in the short to medium term. This result was explained by the dominance of oil export in OED, as the reduction in OED over the sampled period was caused by a lower oil export rather than a higher non-oil export. The simulation of export diversification with the dominance of non-oil export in OED showed that higher export of manufactured goods and solid minerals reduced the level of OED, increased external reserves, and stabilized NER better than higher export of agricultural goods. Whereas, a higher export of agricultural goods caused RER appreciation, unlike the other sectors. Non-oil export was insufficient to generate the reduction in oil export dependence necessary to enhance stable nominal and real exchange rates. Higher commitment to export diversification, particularly in the solid minerals and manufacturing sectors, is required to stabilise exchange rates in Nigeria. Wed, 01 Dec 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2321 2021-12-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1512 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY AND NIGERIA’S BILATERAL TRADE AWODUMI, OLABANJI BENJAMIN Despite the rise in Nigeria’s Bilateral Trade (BT) relations with her major trading partners, non-mineral exports remained below 5% of total exports during the 1996-2015 period. This reflects the fact that many countries adopt environmental standards as technical barriers to trade in response to high pollution intensive imports. While the country’s average real output increased by over 200%, carbon emission also rose by almost 150%, raising serious concern for Environmental Efficiency (EE). The implication of EE for trade has not been given adequate scholarly attention, as most studies only measured the level of EE (outcome variable), and a few others focused on the role of environmental regulation (policy variable). This study, therefore, investigated the implication of EE in Nigeria’s BT with 10 European Union (EU) and seven Asian countries, at aggregate and sectoral levelsduring the period. The Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory provided the framework for this study. An extended Gravity Econometric Model that captured the effect of EE on BT was explored. The EE indicator was computed using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Aggregate (all products) and sectoral models were estimated using the generalised least squares and negative binomial pseudo-maximum likelihood estimators, respectively. Diagnostic tests (Wald and Bayesian information criteria) were used to determinethe robustness of the estimates. Data were sourced from the World Development Indicators and World Integrated Trade Solutions. Regression estimates were validated at α≤0.05. The implication of EE for BT is found to vary by product level (aggregate and sectoral) and by partner (EU or Asia). For aggregate models, a 1.0% improvement in EE in Nigeria raised imports from, and exports to, the EU by 1.5% and 2.9%, respectively. However, it improved only imports from Asia by 1.7%.An improvement in sources’ EE increased Nigeria’s imports from Asia, but only negligibly from the EU. At the sectoral level,an increase of 1.0% in Nigeria’s EE promoted mineral imports (by 0.8%) and exports (by 0.6%) to the EU, while the effect on trade with Asia was insignificant. A 1.0% increase in EU’s EE raised mineral imports from Nigeria by 3.3%. On the other hand, a similar increase in EE in Asia raised Nigeria’s mineral imports from the region by 1.8%.For non-mineral products, EE in Nigeria and in her partners’ economies yielded insignificant effect on BT. Further analysis of these products (agriculture and manufacturing) shows insignificant effect of EE on trade in agricultural products between Nigeria and the EU; but increased Nigeria’s imports from Asia by 0.7% in response to 1.0% improvement in EE on both sides. Moreover, the EE in Nigeria promoted manufactured exports to Asia by 0.8%, while in the EU and Asia, it produced negligible effect. Improvement in environmental efficiencysubstantially stimulates aggregate bilateral trade between Nigeria and her partners in the EU and Asia, though the effects are mixed at sectoral levels. Therefore, Nigeria must focus on the design of pollution tax and incentives that encourage firms to adopt innovation that curb environmental pollution so as to enhance competitiveness. Mon, 01 Mar 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1512 2021-03-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1185 INNOVATION AND ICT IN EXPORTING-PRODUCTIVITY LINK AMONG MANUFACTURING AND SERVICESFIRMS IN NIGERIA ADELEKE, MUSEFIU ADEBOWALE The shares of manufacturing and services trade in Real Gross Domestic Product in Nigeria are low. The sectors, respectively averaged 10.21% and 11.61% in 1981 and 8.56% and 12.22% in 2013, while exports share (% of merchandise exports) fluctuated between 0.14% and 2.06% within the same period. These developments have led to a surge in studies on the Exporting-productivity (EXPP) link. Although extantstudies investigated EXPP link, little attention is paid to the role of innovation and Information and Communication Technology (ICT), which have the potential to improve the quality and processes of goods and services, reduce the costs of business transactions, and enhance information dissemination, thereby improving firms’ productivity. This study was, therefore, designed to investigate the role of Innovation and ICT in EXPP link among aggregate, manufacturing and services firms in Nigeria. The Heterogeneous Firm Trade Theory provided the framework. The Standardised Structural Equation Model was employed withInnovation (measured by a new or improved product or process), ICT (measured by access to email, website ownership and internationally recognised quality certification), firm age, manager’s experience, and loan access as determinants of EXPP. Productivity was measured by input-output ratio and exporting by the percentage of sales that was directly or indirectly exported.Firm-level data were obtained from the 2014 World Bank Enterprise Survey, covering a total of 2,676 firms sampled from April 2014 to February 2015. However, 1,092 exporting firms were suitable for analyses. These firms were classified into manufacturing (529) and services (563) sectors. Estimation with Maximum Likelihood technique was done at both aggregate and sectoral levels. Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Coefficient of Determination (CD), and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) tests were used to confirm the goodness of fit for the model at α≤0.05. The productivity of firms at both aggregate and sectoral levels were low. Aggregate productivity of firms was 0.11, while that of manufacturing and services were 0.13 and 0.32, respectively. There was a negative EXPP link at both aggregate (-1.40%) and sectoral levels (-0.97% and -3.01% for manufacturing and services sectors, respectively). The negative coefficient of EXPP link implies absence of learning by exporting and self-selection hypothesis. This results in poor learning ability, low competitiveness, and reduced technology adoption among firms. However, both Innovation and ICT offset the negative EXPP link respectively from -1.40% to 0.82% and 0.12% for aggregate firms, -0.97% to 0.14% and 0.23% for manufacturing firms, and -3.01% to 1.01% and 0.26% for service firms. Firm age (t(26) = 4.41), manager’s experience (t(26)=3.67) and loan access (t(26) = 2.31) were the main EXPP determinants. The coefficients of RMSEA (0.06), CD (0.95), and TLI (0.92) were indicative of a good fit. Innovation and Information and Communication Technologyhad a positive impact on exporting-productivity link for manufacturing and services firms in Nigeria. Firms need to accelerate these components in order to strengthen the exporting-productivity link. Efforts should also be made by the government to improve the technology infrastructure in the country. Thu, 01 Jul 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1185 2021-07-01T00:00:00Z