http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1761 2026-04-04T09:09:26Z 2026-04-04T09:09:26Z AKPODIETE, Edoja Rufus http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2103 2024-04-26T08:26:00Z 2023-08-01T00:00:00Z

REGULATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TARIFF IN THE NIGERIAN ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY AKPODIETE, Edoja Rufus Nigeria depends on fossil fuel-based source of electricity. Despite abundant renewable energy resources endowment, it has failed to harness and deploy that into the national grid for boosting electricity generation and the country achieving the target energy-mix in the power sector. The Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) issued Regulations on FeedIn Tariff (REFIT) for Renewable Energy Sourced Electricity in 2015, pursuant to which 13 Power Purchase Agreements (PPA) were executed in 2016. Notwithstanding the intendment of the government policies, the REFIT and the PPAs have not materialised. Existing studies on the REFIT 2015 have not examined the legal issues responsible for the non-implementation of the 13 PPAs. This study therefore, examined the legal and contractual framework for REFIT in Nigeria. Public Interest Theory provided the framework, while doctrinal and qualitative methods were adopted. Primary data were obtained from the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (Sections 12, 14 and 16), Electric Power Sector Reform Act (EPSRA) 2005, REFIT Regulation 2015, NERC Multi Year Tariff Order 2008 and 2012 and the PPAs. Key informant interviews were conducted with two of officials of NERC (Manager Legal and Licencing Unit), and one each of Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trading Company (General Counsel) and the Independent Power Producers (IPPs) (Legal Officer, Anjeen Solar). Legal analyses were drawn from the Constitution and the EPSRA, while a narrative approach based on the thematic area of renewable electricity was used to analyse the qualitative data. Data were subjected to content and jurisprudential analysis. The Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission made the REFIT 2015 pursuant to Sections 32 and 96 EPSRA, which set out a renewable energy on-grid electricity target of 2000MW by 2020. However, the legal issues in the execution and implementation of the policy, regulatory and contractual framework have affected the deployment of renewable energy technology for on-grid electricity. Although 13 PPAs were executed by NBET and the IPPs for the development of 13 solar power plants, Clause 1 of the PPAs enjoined parties to execute necessary financial documents, such as Put-Call-Options Agreements (PCOAs) and Partial Risk Guarantee Agreements (PRGA) and required approvals obtained before the PPAs could be enforced. The Federal Government refused to execute the PCOAs with the IPPs, due to disputes regarding the applicable tariff. The PCOAs were later signed for two PPAs, but the requisite approval was not obtained from the Attorney General of the Federation. International Financial Institutions also reneged on executing the PRGA due to the liquidity crisis in the power sector. The foregoing prevented the PPAs from reaching financial closure. As a result, investors were discouraged from investing in renewable electricity technology in Nigeria. The efforts of Nigerian government to boost electricity generation and achieve the target energy-mix and tariff structure have not been realised due to the regulatory impediments that have made it impossible to implement the 13 PPAs. Government agencies should honour contractual obligation and comply with established regulations.

2023-08-01T00:00:00Z AMUSAN, Opeyemi Anthony http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2101 2024-04-26T08:23:05Z 2023-07-01T00:00:00Z

TECHNO – ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WASTE-TO-ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA, 1981 - 2017 AMUSAN, Opeyemi Anthony Poor waste management in Nigeria results in environmental and socioeconomic problems. Managing wastes through the agelong approach of burning leads to climate change while landfill leachate reduces soil and ground water quality. Limited number of studies exist on the potential impact of managing wastes using waste-to-energy recovery generation (ReGen) technology in Nigeria and how waste-to-energy (WtE), environmental quality (EQ), and sustainable development (SD) are connected. Therefore, this study investigated the technoeconomic and environmental impact of using ReGen for waste management in Nigeria. Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis provided theoretical framework. Data on indicators of WtE in Nigeria were sourced from the World Development Indicators (1981-2017). These indicators include WtE, environmental footprint, green national net income, human development index, fossil energy consumption, per capita income, energy consumption, capital investment, urbanisation, trade intensity and land quality index. Augmented Dickey Fuller was used to ascertain the stationary of the variables specified in the model. The bound test was preferred based on the stationary of variables at level and at difference. Since the variables are cointegrated at difference order, the secondary time series methodology described as Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) was used to estimate the short and long run relationship of the model. Thus, the relationship among WtE, EQ and SD was analysed using ARDL technique at α=0.05. The bound test was used to test for cointegration among the study variables. Technoeconomic viability of ReGen was evaluated with Cost Benefit Analysis. Values of the bound tests (F-Statistics) stood at 19.23 and 5.64 which are above the upper critical values of 4.76 and 3.83 respectively at 5% p-value. This showed that there is cointegration indicating the presence of both short and long run relationship. The coefficient of 5.02 implies a positive relationship between WtE and EQ, that is, a 1% increase in WtE, leads to 5.02kt increase in EQ. The coefficient of 1.25 indicates inverse relationship between WtE and SD, which means, a 1% increase in WtE, reduces SD by 1.25kt. The WtE significantly drove EQ and SD. Though in 2017, WtE affected EQ and SD negatively, however it translates to positive development in the long run. EQ and energy consumption exhibit positive relationship in the short to long run. The existence of EKC hypothesis in Nigeria was established, which contributed to environmental degradation at the early stage and declined with increasing economic growth in the latter stage. The generating cost of ReGen electricity was $0.71/kWh with 6-8 years payback period and better environmental socioeconomic benefits than equivalent diesel generators. The ReGen reduced waste by 90.0% with 332 kW net energy output from 980 kg waste/hour. The technoeconomic and environmental assessment of waste-to-energy enhanced environmental quality and sustainable development between 1981 and 2017 in Nigeria. The use of waste-to-energy recovery as a technology for solving waste management problems is adequate, economical and environmentally viable. Government should provide enabling environment for increased investment in wasteto-energy recovery generation.

2023-07-01T00:00:00Z ALLEN-AMERI, Jessie Domokuma http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2099 2024-04-25T16:39:34Z 2023-08-01T00:00:00Z

DESIGN AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF FISCAL REGIME FOR ASSOCIATED GAS DEVELOPMENT UNDER PRODUCTION SHARING CONTRACTS IN NIGERIA’S DEEP OFFSHORE ALLEN-AMERI, Jessie Domokuma Petroleum resources production is always based on fiscal regimes, to allocate responsibilities and benefits between parties in contracts. However, clear-cut Nigerian petroleum fiscal regimes only exist for crude oil without equal consideration for natural gas development under Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs). This trend is responsible in part, for continued gas flaring, which leads to economic losses and environmental degradation. Previous studies focused largely on crude oil development, with little attention paid to natural gas development under PSCs. This study, therefore, explored the economic impact of a stand-alone fiscal regime for Deep Offshore Associated Gas (DOAG) under PSCs, with a view to extending the evaluation of the economic viability to non-associated gas projects currently unexplored in the Niger-Delta basin. Irving Fischer’s Capital Budgeting methodology served as the framework, while the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model was adopted. A sample of on-stream fields under PSCs in Nigeria was taken with arithmetic average of reserves-in-place and production volumes used as criteria. Data ranged from 2005 and projected till 2027 (the economic life of the asset). Data collected included production volumes, natural gas price, capital and operating expenditures, companies’ income tax and Niger-Delta Development Commission (NDDC) levy. Economic indicators such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Returns (IRRs) and payback period of the gas asset were evaluated using the provisions in the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA) 2021 and the proposed fiscal regime for comparison. The NPVs at 10.0% were $105.21 and $122.13 (in millions) under the PIA and the proposed fiscal regime, respectively. The IRRs were 18.0% under the PIA and 20.0% under the proposed fiscal regime. The payback period was 6.0years for the project under both regimes. The savings indices were 24.8% and 31.2% under the PIA and the proposed fiscal regime, respectively. Natural gas price input (454.07) and production volumes input (421.51) were the most sensitive variables to the project’s profitability as compared to NDDC levy (247.17), royalty (242.92) and capital expenditure (241.73). The economic performance indicators, such as NPV, IRR and savings index were higher under the proposed regime than under those of the PIA (2021). The design and economic evaluation of fiscal regime guaranteed a competitive economic return to investors from natural gas development in Nigeria’s deep offshore. The federal government of Nigeria should adopt the stand-alone fiscal regime for exploitation of Deep Offshore Associated Gas under the production sharing contracts for increased investments and economic wellbeing of Nigerians and diminished environmental degradation as a result of reduced gas flaring.

2023-08-01T00:00:00Z OBAFEMI, MICHAEL OJO http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1763 2024-04-18T12:05:52Z 2021-09-01T00:00:00Z

DETERMINANTS, PREVALENCE AND EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY THEFT AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN LAGOS STATE OBAFEMI, MICHAEL OJO Unstable electricity supply has been a major hindrance to economic development in Nigeria. Attainment of stable and reliable electricity supply requires three basic dimensions: technicalities, organisational structures and reduction of Electricity Theft (ET) to the barest minimum. Previous studies focussed more on the technical and organisational requirements with little attention paid to ET and its resultant effects particularly at household level. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the determinants of ET, its prevalence and effects among households in Lagos State, Nigeria. Becker’s Economic Theory of Criminal Behaviour served as the framework, while a survey design was adopted. A self-developed structured questionnaire focusing on determinants, prevalence and effects of ET was randomly administered to 580 household’s (area of franchise under Ikeja Electric Plc. (n = 330), and Eko Electricity Distribution Company (n= 250) electricity end-users in Lagos State. Bribery and Corruption (BC), Income Level (IL), Lack of Punishment of Earlier Offenders (LPEO), Running Micro-Business in Residential Apartments (RMBRA), Non Availability of Taskforce (NAT) to apprehend perpetrators, Frequency of Power Outages (FPO), Electricity Tariff (ELT) and Weak Enforcement of Anti-Electricity Theft laws (WEAET) were factors investigated as potential drivers of ET. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse prevalence and effects of ET, while Probit Regression estimation technique was used to identify its determinants among households at α0.05. The key drivers of ET were BC (β=0.063), IL (β= 0.060), LPEO (β=0.020), RMBRA (β=0.040), FPO (β=0.101), WEAET (β=0.104) and ELT (β=0.139). All the factors were positive and statistically significant. An important driver of ET, IL (β= 0.060), which was positive and statistically significant indicated that incidence of ET cuts across all income groups in Lagos State. The prevalence of electricity theft was (in two digits) 14.0% indicating excessive involvement of household electricity end-users in ET. The major effects of electricity theft included damage to electric power equipment (64.4%), difficulty in planning for service delivery (68.2%), increased expenses on self-power generation (51.6%), damage to household appliances (61.4%), epileptic electricity supply (72.4%), brown out (73.2%), poor revenue to the electricity distribution companies (82.0%) and further reduction in the quantity of electricity available for household use (72 .4%). The incidence of ET in Lagos State was widespread, cut across all income groups and had varied significant harmful effects on both the households’ electricity end-users and the electric power utilities. Strong determinants of Electricity Theft among households in Lagos State, Nigeria, were corruption, running micro business within residential apartments and weak enforcement of anti-electricity theft laws with severe consequences on the entire electric power value chain. Strengthening institutions for enforcement and application of anti-electricity theft laws is recommended to mitigate the problem.

2021-09-01T00:00:00Z