Psychology

PSYCHO-SOCIAL FACTORS AS PREDICTORS AND THE MEDIATORY ROLE OF RISK-TAKING PROPENSITY ON PRONENESS TO DISTRACTED DRIVING BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUNG DRIVERS IN IBADAN

2024-04-26T15:09:08Z

PSYCHO-SOCIAL FACTORS AS PREDICTORS AND THE MEDIATORY ROLE OF RISK-TAKING PROPENSITY ON PRONENESS TO DISTRACTED DRIVING BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUNG DRIVERS IN IBADAN DAIRO, Ademola Samson Proneness to Distracted Driving Behaviour (PDDB), the tendency for a driver to voluntarily or involuntarily be distracted, is assuming an alarming dimension. The most serious form of distracted driving is phone-related distractions. Hence, young drivers (18-25 years) are particularly more prone to distraction-related road traffic crashes. Although the mechanisms associated with PDDB among young drivers have been considerably addressed through interventions, this study investigated the psycho-social predictors (locus of control, religiosity and personality traits - extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism and openness to experience) and the mediatory role of risk-taking on PDDB among young drivers in Ibadan. Attribution, Planned Behaviour and Deterrence theories guided the study, while an ex-post facto research design was adopted. Having granted the five available Drivers’ Licence Centres (DLCs) in Ibadan equal chance, two centres were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were generated from young drivers in Onireke and Oyo State Secretariat DLCs. The purposive sampling technique was utilized in selecting 420 young drivers from those centres. A structured questionnaire containing socio-economic variables, Susceptibility to Driver Distraction Questionnaire (=0.85), Duke University Religion Index- (=0.68), Traffic Locus of Control (=0.84), Risk-Taking (=0.90) and B-F10 personality (=0.65) scales was used. Data were analysed using Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation, Multiple regression and Test of Mediation with Structural Equation Modelling at 0.05 level of significance. The participants’ age was 22.6 years ± 2.1. The psycho-social factors jointly predicted PDDB among young drivers (R2 = .04; F = (5,414) = 2.13; P<.05). Further, the path analysis was used to assess the psycho-social factors that predicted PDDB via multiple causal pathways. The independent contribution of extraversion on risk-taking (β = .139, t= 2.816, p<.05) was significant in Path A. Also, the independent contribution of risk-taking on PDDB (β = .327, t= 7.085, p<.01) was significant in Path B. Further, in Path C1, only religiosity (β = .216, t= 3.323, p<.01) was significant on PDDB. Moreover, in Path C2, religiosity (β = .204, t= 3.294, p<.01) and risk-taking (β = .313, t= 6.752, p<.01) were significant on PDDB. Though independently, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism and openness to experience did not predict voluntary PDDB; however, when risk-taking propensity was introduced, extraversion predicted voluntary PDDB. Hence, the psycho-social factors through risk-taking propensity have partial mediatory effects on PDDB. Also, the mediatory role of risk-taking propensity, an intermediate variable, helps explain how extraversion, conscientiousness, external locus of control, and religiosity influence PDDB. Locus of control and religiosity are strong determinants of proneness to distracted driving behaviour among young drivers in Ibadan. Risk-taking propensity has a mediatory influence on proneness to distracted driving behaviour. Road traffic personnel should take cognizance of these factors in sensitizing young drivers on the dangers of distracted driving, especially using a phone while driving. Various driving schools and faith-based organisations should also make efforts to lay more emphasis on risk reduction among young drivers while driving.

INFLUENCE OF CONTEXTUAL AND DISPOSITIONAL FACTORS, AND MEDIATING ROLE OF RESILIENCE ON HEALTHCARE WORKERS’ EFFORT PROPENSITY DURING COMMUNICABLE DISEASE OUTBREAKS IN ONDO STATE

2024-04-19T15:36:59Z

INFLUENCE OF CONTEXTUAL AND DISPOSITIONAL FACTORS, AND MEDIATING ROLE OF RESILIENCE ON HEALTHCARE WORKERS’ EFFORT PROPENSITY DURING COMMUNICABLE DISEASE OUTBREAKS IN ONDO STATE POPOOLA-AKINSOLA, OLUSOLA STELLA Nigeria, like many other countries, has been experiencing outbreak of communicable diseases which necessitates healthcare workers’ effort propensity. Studies conducted among healthcare workers have shown that effort propensity during disease outbreak can be influenced by perception of risk and the safety involved. Previous studies focused on healthcare workers’ demographic characteristics, fear and concerns for self and loved ones as predictors of effort propensity during communicable disease outbreaks, with little attention paid to contextual and dispositional factors. This study was, therefore, designed to investigate the influence of contextual (perceived organisational support and pay satisfaction) and dispositional factors (risk perception, self-efficacy and perceived vulnerability to disease) and the mediating role of resilience on effort propensity during communicable disease outbreaks among healthcare workers in Ondo State. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory and Knoke’s Motivational Model were employed as the framework, while a cross-sectional survey design was utilised. The participants were 477 healthcare workers (289 nurses, 102 doctors, 44 laboratory technologists and 42 pharmacists) purposively sampled based on their prominent contacts with patients and willingness to participate. They were drawn from specialist hospitals in each senatorial district of Ondo State: Akure, Ikare and Okitipupa. A questionnaire that measured perceived organisational support (POS, α = 0.93), pay satisfaction (PS, α = 0.94), risk perception (RP, α = 0.76), self-efficacy (α = 0.88), perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD, α = 0.90), effort propensity (EP, α = 0.71) and resilience (α = 0.82) was administered on the selected healthcare workers. Data were analysed using Hierarchical Multiple Regression and Linear Regression at p ≤ 0.05. The respondents’ age was 31±10.4 years. Age (r = .19), employment duration (r = .24) and PS (r = .31) had significant positive relationship with EP. Risk perception (r = -.58), self-efficacy (r = -.65) and PVD (r = -.59) had significant negative relationship with EP. Age and employment duration (F(2,474) = 14.46; ∆R2 = .06), contextual (F(2,472) = 24.22; ∆R2 = .11) and dispositional factors (F(3,469) = 94.63; ∆R2 = .42) jointly predicted EP, accounting for 59% of its variance. Pay satisfaction (β = .17), RP (β = -.18), self-efficacy (β = -.37) and PVD (β = -.29) significantly predicted EP. Age and employment duration (F(2,474) = 14.89; ∆R2 = .06), contextual (F(2,472) = 13.42, ∆R2 = .04) and dispositional factors (F(3,469) = 49.28, ΔR2 = .32) jointly predicted resilience, accounting for 42% of its variance. Age (β = -.19), RP (β = .20), self-efficacy (β = .32) and PVD (β = .22) significantly predicted resilience. Resilience completely mediated the influence of POS (B = -.10, CI = -.1610; -.0403) and partially mediated the influence of RP (B = -.21, CI = -.3194; -.0983), self-efficacy (B = -.07, CI = - .1519; -.0055) and PVD (B = -.08, CI = -.1209; -.0472) on EP. Perceived organisational support, risk perception, self-efficacy and perceived vulnerability to disease negatively influenced effort propensity of healthcare workers in Ondo State. To reduce effort propensity, healthcare administrators should focus on disposition to work and ensure positive organisational support.

PSYCHOSOCIAL PREDICTORS OF DEPRESSION, SUICIDALITY AND EFFICACY OF HYPNOTHERAPY AMONG BROTHEL- BASED FEMALE SEX WORKERS IN LAGOS METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

2024-04-19T15:30:47Z

PSYCHOSOCIAL PREDICTORS OF DEPRESSION, SUICIDALITY AND EFFICACY OF HYPNOTHERAPY AMONG BROTHEL- BASED FEMALE SEX WORKERS IN LAGOS METROPOLIS, NIGERIA OKONKWO, LEONARD CHUKWUKA In Nigeria, sex workers by nature of their job are exposed to high risks and multiple health hazards including mental health. However, little is known about their mental health challenges and consequences on the sex worker and the general public. This study was therefore designed to investigate the influence of perceived occupational stress, substance dependence, personality traits, age, duration of sex work, educational levels and efficacy of hypnotherapy on depression and suicidality among brothel-based female sex workers in the Lagos metropolis. Beck's theory of depression and Klosky and May's theory of suicidality guided the study. The sequential exploratory design was utilised in three phases: exploratory, cross-sectional survey as well as pre-test and post-test quasi experimental design. In phase one, two Focused Group Discussions (FGD), three In Depth Interviews (IDI) and five Key Informant Interviews (KII) were conducted among brothel- based female sex workers, ex- sex workers and key informants. In phase two, 224 brothel-based female sex workers were selected using the Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) method. The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (α=0.89), MINI Suicidality Scale (α=0.87), Sex Work Stress Questionnaire (α=0.98), The Severity of Dependence Scale (α=0.66), Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) (α=0.80), and the Big Five Personality Inventory-10 (Neurotism α=0.74, Extraversion α=0.83, Openness to Experience α=0.85, Agreeableness α=0.81 and Conscientiousness α=0.92), were administered. In phase three, 16 participants who scored high on depression and suicidality from phase two were randomly selected and assigned into experimental and control groups. Qualitative data were content- analysed, while quantitative data were analysed using zero-order correlation, multiple regression, oneway ANOVA, paired t-test and Independent sample t-test at p≤0.05. Participants’ age was =26.28±5.29 years. Prevalence for depression and suicidality among the sex workers were 42.9%, and 21.4% respectively. Pressure, frustration, conflicts, work load, insecurity, financial and health concerns were identified as domains of sex work stress. Occupational stress (r=0.18) age (β = 0.19, t=2.72), educational level (β = -0.14, t=-2.20), and duration of sex work (β = 0.24, t=3.48) independently predicted depression; while perceived occupational stress (R2=0.07, F (7,216= 2.19):, severity of substance use (R2=0.14,F (3,220) =11.46), Openness personality traits (β = -0.15, t=-2.07), age, (β = -0.15, t=-2.15), educational level (β = 0-.20, t=-3.02) and duration of sex work (R2=0.07, F (3,220) =5.86) jointly predicted suicidality. Hypnotherapy was found to be positively effective in reducing depression (t (7) = -3.83)) and suicidality (t (7) = -9.92)) at post- test evaluation. Occupational stress, age, educational level and duration of sex work are important predisposing factors in depression; while openness to experience, age, educational level influenced suicidality among brothel-based female sex workers in Lagos. Hypnotherapy is effective in reducing depression and suicidality and therefore should be considered in psychological management among brothel-based female sex workers in Lagos, Nigeria.

MEDICATION THERAPY MANAGEMENT AND PATIENTS SATISFACTION WITH PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES IN PUBLIC HEALTHCARE FACILTIES IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA

2024-04-19T15:23:07Z

MEDICATION THERAPY MANAGEMENT AND PATIENTS SATISFACTION WITH PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES IN PUBLIC HEALTHCARE FACILTIES IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA OLUYEDUN, Hamidu Adediran Medicines or drugs are used to improve the health of patients by relieving symptoms and curing diseases. However, drugs may produce adverse effects when not taken according to prescriptions by pharmacists. Adverse Drugs Events (ADEs) are increasingly becoming common. Pharmacists play critical roles in Medication Therapy Management (MTM) to reduce ADEs, ensure optimal health outcomes and promote patient’s satisfaction. These roles have largely been misconstrued by patients and their relatives. Only few studies have focused on patients’ satisfaction with pharmaceutical care. This study was, therefore, designed to examine patients’ satisfaction with pharmaceutical services and MTM in public healthcare facilities in Oyo State, Nigeria. Social Action and Consumer Satisfaction Equity theories were used as the framework, while the cross-sectional survey design was adopted. Oyo State was purposively selected with low pharmacist-patient ratio of 1:25,000. Two public hospitals were randomly selected from each senatorial district of Oyo North (Ogbomoso and Saki), Central (Oyo and Moniya) and South (Adeoyo and Ring Road). A total of 769 copies of standard questionnaire were administered to patients and their relatives across Adeoyo (141 and 70), Ring Road (133 and 66), Oyo (35 and 18), Moniya (36 and 18), Ogbomoso (102 and 51) and Saki (66 and 33) through random selection. The instrument focused on respondents’ knowledge of pharmacists’ roles, factors influencing patients’ knowledge of pharmacists’ roles, patients’ satisfaction with pharmacists’ roles in MTM and sociocultural factors influencing patients’ satisfaction. Scores of <50.0%, 50–69% and ≥70% indicated low, average and high knowledge, respectively. Satisfaction was similarly classified as low, moderate and high respectively. In-depth interviews were conducted with 24 patients and their relatives, while key informant interviews were conducted with 12 pharmacists. While quantitative data were analysed using chi-square and multiple regression, qualitative data were contentanalysed. Respondents’ mean age was 40±15 years. Most (69.4%) were females. Mean monthly income was N42,000.00. Respondents’ knowledge of pharmacists’ roles in MTM showed that 47.6%, 7.5% and 44.9% had low, average and high knowledge, respectively. Respondents’ satisfaction indicated that 35.4% were highly satisfied, 40.4% were moderately satisfied and 24.2% had low satisfaction with pharmaceutical services. Age (χ2=15.715), education (χ2=25.265) and occupation (χ2=33.039) of respondents and operating environment like space (χ2=12.837) and adequacy of resources in the pharmacy (χ2=28.294) significantly influenced their perceived knowledge. Level of satisfaction was significantly influenced by religion (χ2=13.218), education (χ2=18.740), perceived knowledge of roles (χ2=828.552), operating environment, namely sufficiency of pharmacists (χ2= 17.106) and adequacy of resources in the pharmacy (χ2=28.825). Socio-cultural factors like language of communication of medication (β= -0.047) and courteous response (β=0.013) significantly influenced level of satisfaction. Pharmacists identified ineffective drug policies, inadequate staffing and unhealthy relationship with physicians as problems of MTM. Pharmacists were not actively involved in review of prescribed drugs in cases of ADEs. Patients complained of inadequate supply and high cost of medication for chronic ailments. Patients in public health facilities in Oyo State were moderately satisfied with pharmaceutical care in relations to Medication Therapy Management. Pharmacists should be involved in review of prescriptions, especially for adverse drug events.